| Characteristic | No. (%) or mean ± SD | p value* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No disability n = 15 224 | Yes disability n = 7 600 | Moderate disability n = 4 242 | Severe disability n = 3 358 | ||||||
| Age, yr | 42.9 ± 13.5 | 48.8 ± 13.5 | 47.6 ± 13.7 | 50.4 ± 13.1 | < 0.001 | ||||
| ≤ 29 | 2 945 | (19.3) | 892 | (11.7) | 567 | (13.4) | 325 | (9.7) | |
| 30–39 | 4 106 | (27.0) | 1 166 | (15.3) | 734 | (17.3) | 432 | (12.9) | |
| 40–49 | 3 029 | (19.9) | 1 492 | (19.6) | 874 | (20.6) | 618 | (18.4) | |
| 50–59 | 2 748 | (18.1) | 2 000 | (26.3) | 1 031 | (24.3) | 969 | (28.9) | |
| 60–69 | 2 396 | (15.7) | 2 050 | (27.0) | 1 036 | (24.4) | 1 014 | (30.2) | |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Country of birth | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Canada | 11 899 | (78.2) | 6 222 | (81.9) | 3 408 | (80.3) | 2 814 | (83.8) | |
| Other | 2 967 | (19.5) | 1 253 | (16.5) | 756 | (17.8) | 497 | (14.8) | |
| Missing | 358 | (2.4) | 125 | (1.6) | 78 | (1.8) | 47 | (1.4) | |
| Education | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Less than secondary | 1 369 | (9.0) | 1 201 | (15.8) | 549 | (12.9) | 652 | (19.4) | |
| Secondary/some postsecondary | 3 788 | (24.9) | 1 935 | (25.5) | 1 063 | (25.1) | 872 | (26.0) | |
| Postsecondary | 10 028 | (65.9) | 4 438 | (58.4) | 2 620 | (61.8) | 1 818 | (54.1) | |
| Missing | 39 | (0.3) | 26 | (0.3) | 10 | (0.2) | 16 | (0.5) | |
| Household income, $ | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| < 30 000 | 2 170 | (14.3) | 1 993 | (26.2) | 879 | (20.7) | 1 114 | (33.2) | |
| 30 000–59 999 | 4 056 | (26.6) | 2 129 | (28.0) | 1 171 | (27.6) | 958 | (28.5) | |
| 60 000–99 999 | 4 288 | (28.2) | 1 731 | (22.8) | 1 104 | (26.0) | 627 | (18.7) | |
| ≥ 100 000 | 3 569 | (23.4) | 1 149 | (15.1) | 761 | (17.9) | 388 | (11.6) | |
| Missing | 1 141 | (7.5) | 598 | (7.9) | 327 | (7.7) | 271 | (8.1) | |
| Marital status | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Married/common Law | 9 756 | (64.1) | 4 339 | (57.1) | 2 544 | (60.0) | 1 795 | (53.5) | |
| Widowed/single | 3 821 | (25.1) | 2 036 | (26.8) | 1 110 | (26.2) | 926 | (27.6) | |
| Separated/divorced | 1 643 | (10.8) | 1 222 | (16.1) | 587 | (13.8) | 635 | (18.9) | |
| Missing | 4 | (< 0.1) | 3 | (< 0.1) | 1 | (< 0.1) | 2 | (< 0.1) | |
| Chronic conditions | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| 0 | 10 774 | (70.8) | 2 502 | (32.9) | 1 682 | (39.7) | 820 | (24.4) | |
| 1 | 3 178 | (20.9) | 2 350 | (30.9) | 1 368 | (32.2) | 982 | (29.2) | |
| ≥ 2 | 1 272 | (8.4) | 2 748 | (36.2) | 1 192 | (28.1) | 1 556 | (46.3) | |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Rurality index | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| 0–9 (large urban) | 8 377 | (55.0) | 3 878 | (51.0) | 2 200 | (51.9) | 1 678 | (50.0) | |
| 10–44 (small urban) | 5 001 | (32.8) | 2 771 | (36.5) | 1 513 | (35.7) | 1 258 | (37.5) | |
| ≥ 45 (rural) | 1 674 | (11.0) | 862 | (11.3) | 467 | (11.0) | 395 | (11.8) | |
| Missing | 172 | (1.1) | 89 | (1.2) | 62 | (1.5) | 27 | (0.8) | |
| Health system contact during study period | |||||||||
| Physician visits | 15.5 | ± 16.1 | 23.2 | ± 21.4 | 20.7 | ± 19.5 | 26.4 | ± 23.2 | < 0.001 |
| Family physician visits | 10.7 | ± 11.7 | 15.1 | ± 15.2 | 13.8 | ± 14.3 | 16.7 | ± 16.2 | < 0.001 |
| Specialist visits | 4.8 | ± 8.5 | 8.1 | ± 11.7 | 6.9 | ± 10.0 | 9.6 | ± 13.5 | < 0.001 |
| Emergency department visits | 1.6 | ± 3.1 | 2.5 | ± 4.9 | 2.2 | ± 4.1 | 2.9 | ± 5.7 | < 0.001 |
| Hospital admissions | 0.4 | ± 0.7 | 0.6 | ± 1.0 | 0.5 | ± 0.9 | 0.7 | ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
Note: SD = standard deviation. *p values represent comparison between “no disability” and “yes disability.”