| Variable | OR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | ||
| Age, per decade increase | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 0.18 |
| Income quintile; referent = 1, lowest | ||
| 2 | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 0.22 |
| 3 | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 0.53 |
| 4 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.34 |
| 5 (highest) | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 0.40 |
| Rural residence | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.44 |
| Long-term care or nursing home residence | 0.77 (0.56–1.05) | 0.09 |
| Immigrant | 1.18 (1.04–1.34) | 0.01 |
| Past medical history; referent = 0 | ||
| Hypertension, recent diagnosis (in the last yr) | 1.14 (0.92–1.40) | 0.23 |
| Hypertension, diagnosis made before the last 1 yr | 1.15 (1.06–1.26) | 0.002 |
| Heart failure, recent diagnosis (in the last yr) | 0.87 (0.65–1.14) | 0.31 |
| Heart failure, diagnosis made before the last 1 yr | 0.75 (0.64–0.88) | < 0.001 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 1.02 (0.92–1.14) | 0.68 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) | 0.003 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) | 0.49 |
| Stroke | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 0.24 |
| Dementia | 0.84 (0.69–1.03) | 0.09 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 0.58 |
| Asthma | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 0.44 |
| Renal failure | 0.69 (0.57–0.83) | < 0.001 |
| Nonmetastatic cancer | 0.84 (0.76–0.94) | 0.002 |
| Metastatic cancer | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) | 0.62 |
| CHADS2 score ≥ 2; referent = 0 or 1 | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | 0.65 |
| ADG score per 1 point increase | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | < 0.001 |
| Emergency department visit characteristics | ||
| Emergency department triage score of 1 or 2 (high acuity); referent = 3, 4 or 5 | 1.02 (0.94–1.09) | 0.69 |
| Patients who arrived by ambulance | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.77 |
| Time of day patient presented to the emergency department | ||
| 00:00–07:59 | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 0.01 |
| 16:00–23:59 | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 0.05 |
| Day of week patient presented to the emergency department, weekend | 0.94 (0.87–1.03) | 0.17 |
| Emergency department physician, age per decade increase | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 0.62 |
| Emergency department physician, female | 1.06 (0.93–1. 20) | 0.34 |
| Emergency department physician, main specialty; referent = family medicine training | ||
| Emergency medicine (3-yr program) | 0.90 (0.76–1.05) | 0.16 |
| Emergency medicine (5-yr program) | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) | 0.29 |
| Other | 0.93 (0.57–1.53) | 0.73 |
| Emergency department physician, no. of years of practice; yr | ||
| 4–10 | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 0.38 |
| 11–20 | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 0.85 |
| > 20 | 0.98 (0.73–1.30) | 0.86 |
| Hospital type; referent = community | ||
| Small | 0.82 (0.69–0.98) | 0.03 |
| Teaching | 1.16 (1.04–1.29) | 0.007 |
| Family physician characteristics | ||
| Family physician, age per decade increase | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.24 |
| Family physician, female | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.82 |
| Family physician, no. of years of practice; yr | ||
| 6–10 | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | 0.83 |
| 11–15 | 1.07 (0.87–1.31) | 0.54 |
| > 15 | 1.06 (0.86–1.29) | 0.59 |
| Family physician, reimbursement type | ||
| CCM* or FHG†; referent | ||
| FHN‡ with FHT | 0.73 (0.62–0.86) | < 0.001 |
| FHN‡ without FHT | 0.77 (0.60–0.97) | 0.03 |
| FHO§ with FHT | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | < 0.001 |
| FHO§ without FHT | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) | 0.001 |
| FFS¶ | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.33 |
Note: ADG = aggregated diagnosis group, CCM = comprehensive care model, CHADS2 = cardiac failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, stroke system, CI = confidence interval, FFS = fee for service, FHG = family health group, FHN = family health network, FHO = family health organization, FHT = family health team, OR = odds ratio, SD = standard deviation. *Primarily fee for service, < 3 physicians. †Primarily fee for service, ≥ 3 physicians. ‡Primarily capitation, small basket of services. §Primarily capitation, large basket of services. ¶Traditional fee for service.