| Characteristic | No. (%) of participants† |
|---|---|
| Age, yr; mean ± SD | 52.5 ±13.1 |
| Gender | |
| Female | 90 (62.1) |
| Male | 55 (37.9) |
| Educational level | |
| High school not completed | 26 (17.9) |
| High school graduate | 41 (28.3) |
| College degree | 55 (37.9) |
| University degree | 23 (15.9) |
| Duration of opioid use | |
| 6 mo to 1 yr | 12 (8.3) |
| 1−5 yr | 49 (33.8) |
| > 5−10 yr | 44 (30.3) |
| >10 yr | 40 (27.6) |
| Opioid use | |
| Hydromorphone | 52 (35.9) |
| Oxycodone | 51 (35.2) |
| Codeine | 17 (11.7) |
| Fentanyl | 16 (11.0) |
| Methadone | 16 (11.0) |
| Morphine | 16 (11.0) |
| Tramadol | 8 (5.5) |
| Daily morphine equivalent dose, mg; median (IQR) | 180 (60−501) |
| Presenting clinical condition‡ | |
| Chronic low back pain | 94 (64.8) |
| Chronic neck pain | 46 (31.7) |
| Fibromyalgia | 30 (20.7) |
| Chronic headaches | 26 (17.9) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 21 (14.5%) |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 12 (8.3) |
| Chronic whiplash | 7 (4.8) |
| Currently receiving disability (wage replacement) benefits | |
| Yes | 99 (68.3) |
| No | 46 (31.7) |
Note: IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation. *Four patients provided incomplete information for 1 or more of the table items, and we restricted our analyses to those patients (n = 145) who provided complete information. †Unless otherwise specified. ‡The total is greater than 145 because patients were allowed to endorse more than 1 response option.