| Characteristic | Men (n = 4454) | Women (n = 2461) | Standardized difference* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr, mean ± SD | 68.7 ± 10.6 | 71.6 ± 11.5 | 0.27 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score, no. (%)† | |||
| 0 | 219 (4.9) | 133 (5.4) | 0.02 |
| 1 | 953 (21.4) | 619 (25.2) | 0.09 |
| ≥ 2 | 2735 (61.4) | 1384 (56.2) | 0.11 |
| Neighbourhood income quintile, no. (%)† | |||
| 1 (lowest) | 1149 (25.8) | 641 (26.0) | 0.01 |
| 2 | 986 (22.1) | 593 (24.1) | 0.05 |
| 3 | 833 (18.7) | 432 (17.6) | 0.03 |
| 4 | 759 (17.0) | 423 (17.2) | 0.00 |
| 5 (highest) | 705 (15.8) | 353 (14.3) | 0.04 |
| Ambulatory care group, no. (%)† | |||
| Nervous system diseases | 122 (2.7) | 61 (2.5) | 0.02 |
| Eye diseases | 7 (0.2) | ≤ 5‡ | 0.01 |
| Ear, nose, mouth and throat diseases | 34 (0.8) | 23 (0.9) | 0.02 |
| Respiratory diseases | 113 (2.5) | 77 (3.1) | 0.04 |
| Circulatory system diseases | 885 (19.9) | 525 (21.3) | 0.04 |
| Digestive system diseases | 135 (3.0) | 108 (4.4) | 0.07 |
| Hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases | 24 (0.5) | 6 (0.2) | 0.04 |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases | 181 (4.1) | 117 (4.8) | 0.03 |
| Skin, subcutaneous tissue and breast diseases | 418 (9.4) | 239 (9.7) | 0.01 |
| Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases | 325 (7.3) | 126 (5.1) | 0.09 |
| Kidney and genitourinary tract diseases | 297 (6.7) | 148 (6.0) | 0.03 |
| Hematological diseases | 26 (0.6) | 17 (0.7) | 0.01 |
| Oncological diseases | 37 (0.8) | 7 (0.3) | 0.07 |
| Systematic infections | 34 (0.8) | 8 (0.3) | 0.06 |
| Mental diseases | 18 (0.4) | 13 (0.5) | 0.02 |
| Examination and other health factors | 384 (8.6) | 191 (7.8) | 0.03 |
| Trauma, coma and toxic effects | 258 (5.8) | 147 (6.0) | 0.01 |
| Health service use | |||
| No. of outpatient physician visits in past yr, mean ± SD | 17.0 ± 11.1 | 16.6 ± 10.2 | 0.04 |
| No. of emergency department visits in past 3 yr, mean ± SD | 3.9 ± 5.3 | 4.0 ± 5.1 | 0.01 |
| No. of hospital admissions in past 3 yr, mean ± SD | 2.8 ± 2.3 | 2.8 ± 2.2 | 0.01 |
| Medications, no. (%)§ | n = 2810 | n = 1742 | |
| Orally administered antihyperglycemic | 798 (28.4) | 382 (21.9) | 0.15 |
| Insulin | 505 (18.0) | 263 (15.1) | 0.08 |
| Statin | 1715 (61.0) | 949 (54.5) | 0.13 |
| β-Blocker | 1403 (49.9) | 838 (48.1) | 0.04 |
| Calcium-channel blocker | 1086 (38.6) | 831 (47.7) | 0.18 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 1999 (71.1) | 1206 (69.2) | 0.04 |
| Diuretic | 1017 (36.2) | 701 (40.2) | 0.08 |
| Any antihypertensive | 2470 (87.9) | 1545 (88.7) | 0.02 |
| Clopidogrel | 348 (12.4) | 198 (11.4) | 0.03 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 604 (21.5) | 365 (21.0) | 0.01 |
| Warfarin | 719 (25.6) | 372 (21.4) | 0.10 |
| Comorbid conditions, no. (%) | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 721 (16.2) | 388 (15.8) | 0.01 |
| Stroke | 180 (4.0) | 98 (4.0) | 0.00 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 564 (12.7) | 250 (10.2) | 0.08 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1173 (26.3) | 495 (20.1) | 0.15 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 359 (8.1) | 240 (9.8) | 0.06 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 871 (19.6) | 403 (16.4) | 0.08 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1694 (38.0) | 776 (31.5) | 0.14 |
Note: ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB = angiotensin-receptor blocker.
*Standardized difference of > 0.1 indicates significant difference.
†Missing values: Charlson Comorbidity Index 547 men (12.3%), 325 women (13.2%); neighbourhood income quintile 22 men (0.5%), 19 women (0.8%); ambulatory care group 1156 men (26.0%), 643 women (26.1%).
‡Cells containing ≤ 5 observations are suppressed.
§Medication use is reported only for those aged 66 years or older.