| Exposure | Theoretical minimum risk exposure level |
|---|---|
| Active smoking | None |
| Passive smoking | None |
| Energy imbalance | |
| Overweight and obesity | Body mass index < 25 kg/m2 |
| Inadequate physical activity | > 2.9 kcal/kg per d |
| Diet | |
| Inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption | ≥ 5 servings/d |
| Inadequate fibre intake | ≥ 23 g/d |
| Red meat | None |
| Processed meat | None |
| Salt | ≤ 5.75 g/d |
| Inadequate calcium intake | ≥ 1100 mg/d |
| Inadequate vitamin D intake | ≥ 600 IU/d |
| Alcohol | None |
| Hormones | |
| Oral contraceptive | None* |
| Hormone replacement therapy | None* |
| Infection | |
| Epstein-Barr virus | None |
| Hepatitis B virus | None |
| Hepatitis C virus | None |
| Human papillomavirus | None |
| Helicobacter pylori | None |
| Environment | |
| Air pollution | < 7.5 µg/m3 annual average exposure |
| Natural ultraviolet radiation | No sunburn in lifetime |
| Artificial ultraviolet radiation | No use of tanning equipment in past year |
| Water disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes) | < 50 µg/L |
| Radon | None |
*Ever use of oral contraceptives and ever/current use of hormone replacement therapy are protective for endometrial and ovarian cancer.