Participant characteristics and referral sources
| Characteristic | No. (%) of participants* n = 50 |
|---|---|
| Age, yr | |
| Median (IQR) | 39.5 (23.8) |
| Range | 17–62 |
| Gender | |
| Male | 18 (36) |
| Female | 32 (64) |
| Education | |
| High school | 13 (26) |
| College | 12 (24) |
| University | 25 (50) |
| Employment status | |
| Full-time | 21 (42) |
| Part-time | 5 (10) |
| Student | 4 (8) |
| Unemployed | 8 (16) |
| Sick leave/disability | 11 (22) |
| Retired | 1 (2) |
| No. of prior concussions | |
| 0 | 32 (64) |
| ≥ 1 | 18 (36) |
| Time since injury, mo† | |
| Median (IQR) | 11.5 (12) |
| Range | 3–24 |
| Cause of injury | |
| Car accident | 18 (36) |
| Sports injury | 18 (36) |
| Fall | 9 (18) |
| Hit on head by object | 2 (4) |
| Physical assault | 2 (4) |
| Workplace injury | 1 (2) |
| Comorbidities‡ | 22 (44) |
| Chronic pain | 13 (26) |
| Hypertension | 5 (10) |
| Gastrointestinal disease (e.g., gastrointestinal reflux) | 5 (10) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 3 (6) |
| Asthma | 3 (6) |
| Autoimmune disease | 2 (4) |
| Hypothyroidism§ | 2 (4) |
| Osteoporosis | 1 (2) |
| Heart disease | 1 (2) |
| Past psychiatric condition | 23 (46) |
| Current psychiatric condition | 13 (26) |
| Major depressive disorder | 7 (14) |
| Social anxiety disorder | 4 (8) |
| Panic disorder | 2 (4) |
| Obsessive–compulsive disorder | 1 (2) |
| Specific phobia | 1 (2) |
| Referral source | |
| Head injury clinic | 18 (36) |
| Family medicine clinic | 16 (32) |
| Concussion/sports clinic | 6 (12) |
| Sleep clinic | 4 (8) |
| Speech-language pathologist, neurologist, physiotherapist | 4 (8) |
| Emergency specialist | 2 (4) |
Note: IQR = interquartile range.
↵* Except where noted otherwise.
↵† In participants with multiple concussions, time elapsed since the injury that preceded the onset of the sleep problem.
↵‡ Some participants had multiple comorbidities.
↵§ Participants who reported a history of hypothyroidism were using thyroid supplements.