Baseline characteristics of Clostridioides difficile infection cohorts and matched control patients, stratified by association and onset*
| No. (%) of patients†‡ | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACH-associated/ACH-onset | LTCF-associated/LTCF-onset | Community-associated/community-onset | ACH-associated/community-onset | |||||
| Characteristic | Cohort n = 13 152 | Control group n = 33 058 | Cohort n = 502 | Control group n = 1407 | Cohort n = 7116 | Control group n = 21 127 | Cohort n = 1847 | Control group n = 3817 |
| Patient days, mean ± SD | 47.30 ± 59.70 | 12.11 ± 22.80 | 13.80 ± 17.80 | 0.96 ± 4.20 | 20.70 ± 34.40 | 0.85 ± 6.20 | 23.80 ± 33.40 | 13.80 ± 24.20 |
| Age group, yr | ||||||||
| 18–44 | 428 (3.3) | 943 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 718 (10.1) | 2106 (10.0) | 61 (3.3) | 112 (2.9) |
| 45–64 | 2238 (17.0) | 5263 (15.9) | 8 (1.6) | 18 (1.3) | 1552 (21.8) | 4491 (21.3) | 346 (18.7) | 621 (16.3) |
| 65–74 | 2677 (20.4) | 6561 (19.8) | 41 (8.2) | 99 (7.0) | 1315 (18.5) | 3899 (18.5) | 436 (23.6) | 851 (22.3) |
| 75–84 | 4558 (34.7) | 11 584 (35.0) | 166 (33.1) | 469 (33.3) | 1930 (27.1) | 5578 (26.4) | 628 (34.0) | 1393 (36.5) |
| ≥ 85 | 3251 (24.7) | 8707 (26.3) | 287 (57.2) | 821 (58.4) | 1601 (22.5) | 5053 (23.9) | 376 (20.4) | 840 (22.0) |
| Male sex | 6418 (48.8) | 16 015 (48.4) | 168 (33.5) | 455 (32.3) | 2876 (40.4) | 8533 (40.4) | 913 (49.4) | 1897 (49.7) |
| LTCF resident | 660 (5.0) | 3088 (9.3) | 502 (100.0) | 1407 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Admitted in previous 12 wk | 4149 (31.5) | 7831 (23.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1847 (100.0) | 3817 (100.0) |
| Admitted within 90 d before onset | 4246 (32.3) | 8043 (24.3) | 11 (2.2) | 16 (1.1) | 125 (1.8) | 101 (0.5) | 1847 (100.0) | 3817 (100.0) |
| Admitted in year before onset | 6513 (49.5) | 13 429 (40.6) | 217 (43.2) | 403 (28.6) | 2303 (32.4) | 3631 (17.2) | 1847 (100.0) | 3817 (100.0) |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 8287 (63.0) | 19 476 (58.9) | 343 (68.3) | 925 (65.7) | 3854 (54.2) | 9542 (45.2) | 1400 (75.8) | 2795 (73.2) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1498 (11.4) | 3597 (10.9) | 69 (13.7) | 147 (10.4) | 748 (10.5) | 1728 (8.2) | 310 (16.8) | 522 (13.7) |
| Congestive heart failure | 2289 (17.4) | 5001 (15.1) | 93 (18.5) | 235 (16.7) | 954 (13.4) | 2305 (10.9) | 459 (24.9) | 900 (23.6) |
| Diabetes | 1204 (9.2) | 2864 (8.7) | 57 (11.4) | 131 (9.3) | 569 (8.0) | 1503 (7.1) | 194 (10.5) | 408 (10.7) |
| Renal disease | 2572 (19.6) | 4358 (13.2) | 83 (16.5) | 154 (10.9) | 1232 (17.3) | 2273 (10.8) | 512 (27.7) | 817 (21.4) |
| Liver disease | 684 (5.2) | 1359 (4.1) | 20 (4.0) | 37 (2.6) | 433 (6.1) | 1501 (7.1) | 139 (7.5) | 261 (6.8) |
| Cancer | 2115 (16.1) | 5550 (16.8) | 22 (4.4) | 69 (4.9) | 887 (12.5) | 2243 (10.6) | 444 (24.0) | 1118 (29.3) |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 408 (3.1) | 867 (2.6) | 16 (3.2) | 24 (1.7) | 179 (2.5) | 419 (2.0) | 99 (5.4) | 228 (6.0) |
| Valvular disease | 696 (5.3) | 1540 (4.7) | 10 (2.0) | 49 (3.5) | 232 (3.3) | 704 (3.3) | 135 (7.3) | 280 (7.3) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 414 (3.1) | 727 (2.2) | 14 (2.8) | 27 (1.9) | 634 (8.9) | 311 (1.5) | 127 (6.9) | 156 (4.1) |
| Antibiotic use 30 d before onset | 3283 (25.0) | 6146 (18.6) | 141 (28.1) | 58 (4.1) | 1552 (21.8) | 949 (4.5) | 865 (46.8) | 1278 (33.5) |
| Hospital location | ||||||||
| Not admitted | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1252 (89.0) | 0 (0.0) | 19 475 (92.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Rural | 449 (3.4) | 2694 (8.1) | 20 (4.0) | 7 (0.5) | 405 (5.7) | 127 (0.6) | 124 (6.7) | 360 (9.4) |
| Urban | 12 703 (96.6) | 30 364 (91.9) | 482 (96.0) | 148 (10.5) | 6711 (94.3) | 1525 (7.2) | 1723 (93.3) | 3457 (90.6) |
| No. of beds | ||||||||
| Not admitted | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1252 (89.0) | 0 (0.0) | 19 475 (92.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| < 100 | 1380 (10.5) | 6813 (20.6) | 84 (16.7) | 18 (1.3) | 1138 (16.0) | 318 (1.5) | 308 (16.7) | 832 (21.8) |
| 100–299 | 5652 (43.0) | 14 739 (44.6) | 259 (51.6) | 81 (5.8) | 3084 (43.3) | 674 (3.2) | 817 (44.2) | 1634 (42.8) |
| 300–499 | 4665 (35.5) | 10 178 (30.8) | 130 (25.9) | 43 (3.1) | 2187 (30.7) | 484 (2.3) | 554 (30.0) | 1106 (29.0) |
| ≥ 500 | 455 (11.1) | 1328 (4.0) | 29 (5.8) | 13 (0.9) | 707 (9.9) | 176 (0.8) | 168 (9.1) | 245 (6.4) |
Note: ACH = acute care hospital, LTCF = long-term care facility, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Adapted from reference (19) (Oxford University Press).
↵† Shaded cells denote the statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) of the standardized difference between the infection cohort and matched control patients.
↵‡ Except where noted otherwise.