Predictors of disability after gun violence*
| Characteristic | Relative risk (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Basic analysis† | Adjusted analysis‡ | |
| Acute injury | ||
| Intentional injury | 2.01 (1.80–2.25) | 1.40 (1.24–1.60) |
| Age group | ||
| Younger (Ref. ≥ 30 yr) | 0.96 (0.85–1.07) | § |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | § |
| Home location (Ref. = rural) | ||
| Urban | 1.86 (1.54–2.25) | 1.48 (1.22–1.80) |
| Socioeconomic quintile (Ref. = middle) | ||
| Highest | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) | 0.86 (0.70–1.04) |
| Lowest | 1.52 (1.30–1.78) | 1.39 (1.19–1.63) |
| Incident season (Ref. = summer) | ||
| Autumn | 0.91 (0.79–1.06) | § |
| Winter | 1.05 (0.90–1.24) | § |
| Spring | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) | § |
| Incident day (Ref. = weekday) | ||
| Weekend | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | § |
| Incident hour (Ref. = afternoon) | ||
| Morning | 1.09 (0.92–1.28) | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) |
| Night | 1.32 (1.17–1.50) | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) |
| Ambulance transport | ||
| Yes | 2.21 (1.98–2.47) | 1.76 (1.55–1.99) |
| History | ||
| Hospital admission in past | ||
| Yes | 1.33 (0.90–1.95) | § |
| Emergency visit in past | ||
| Yes | 1.23 (1.10–1.38) | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) |
| Outpatient visits in past | ||
| Count | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) |
| Mental health diagnosis in past | ||
| Yes | 1.92 (1.70–2.17) | 1.67 (1.47–1.91) |
| Substance abuse in past | ||
| Yes | 2.43 (2.04–2.89) | 1.62 (1.32–1.99) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, Ref. = referent.
↵* Estimates based on Fine and Gray model. Analyses based on all patients surviving acute gun violence.
↵† No adjustment for baseline differences.
↵‡ Adjusted for all measures significant in univariable analysis.
↵§ Denotes estimates not significant in univariable or multivariable model.