Morphine equivalents prescribed per hour worked before and after implementation of a guideline for the prescribing of restricted medications in the emergency department
| Drug | Before guideline implementation, MME | After guideline implementation, MME | Average reduction (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average | Median | Average | Median | ||
| Hydromorphone IR | 12.44 | 10.91 | 8.56 | 6.59 | −3.88 (−5.70 to −2.05) |
| Hydromorphone ER | 1.66 | 0.63 | 0.98 | 0.00 | −0.68 (−1.45 to 0.09) |
| Morphine IR | 0.85 | 0.54 | 0.72 | 0.42 | −0.13 (−0.43 to 0.19) |
| Morphine SR | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 0.00 | −0.39 (−1.17 to 0.38) |
| Oxycodone + acetaminophen tablets | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.13) |
| Acetaminophen + caffeine + codeine tablets | 2.84 | 2.08 | 2.62 | 1.72 | −0.22 (−0.95 to 0.52) |
| Total | 18.51 | 16.07 | 13.22 | 11.22 | −5.29 (−7.60 to −2.97) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, ER = extended release, IR = immediate release, MME = morphine milligram equivalent, SR = sustained release.