Mean PCP visits (per 6 mo) during baseline and treatment periods stratified by cohort characteristics
| Characteristic | Total, no. (%) n = 12 781* | Baseline PCP visits, mean ± SD† | p value | Treatment PCP visits, mean ± SD | p value | Difference (treatment – baseline), mean ± SD | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 2.3 ± 2.5 | 3.4 ± 3.4 | 1.0 ± 3.3 | ||||
| Age at diagnosis, yr | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.3662 | ||||
| < 40 | 1102 (8.6) | 2.2 ± 2.2 | 3.0 ± 3.7 | 0.9 ± 3.6 | |||
| 40–49 | 3481 (27.2) | 2.1 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 3.1 | 1.0 ± 3.1 | |||
| 50–59 | 4225 (33.1) | 2.3 ± 2.6 | 3.3 ± 3.1 | 1.0 ± 3.2 | |||
| 60–69 | 3045 (23.8) | 2.5 ± 2.5 | 3.6 ± 3.4 | 1.0 ± 3.4 | |||
| 70–74 | 607 (4.7) | 3.1 ± 2.6 | 4.2 ± 3.8 | 1.0 ± 3.3 | |||
| > 74 | 321 (2.5) | 3.0 ± 2.7 | 4.4 ± 4.9 | 1.3 ± 4.8 | |||
| Urban or rural residence | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Urban | 11 189 (87.5) | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 3.3 ± 3.3 | 0.9 ± 3.2 | |||
| Rural | 699 (5.5) | 2.0 ± 2.2 | 3.5 ± 3.6 | 1.5 ± 3.7 | |||
| Remote | 596 (4.7) | 1.7 ± 1.7 | 3.5 ± 3.8 | 1.8 ± 3.8 | |||
| Very remote | 292–297 (2.3) | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 4.7 ± 4.2 | 2.9 ± 4.3 | |||
| Unknown | ≤ 5 | § | § | § | |||
| Unknown | ≤ 5 | § | § | § | |||
| Immigration status‡ | 0.0439 | 0.2578 | 0.0079 | ||||
| Nonimmigrants | 11 075 (86.7) | 2.3 ± 2.5 | 3.4 ± 3.4 | 1.0 ± 3.3 | |||
| Immigrants | 1706 (13.3) | 2.5 ± 2.2 | 3.3 ± 3.1 | 0.8 ± 3.1 | |||
| Neighbourhood income quintile | 0.0028 | < 0.0001 | 0.2246 | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 2020 (15.8) | 2.4 ± 2.3 | 3.5 ± 3.6 | 1.1 ± 3.5 | |||
| 2 | 2384 (18.7) | 2.3 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 3.4 | 1.1 ± 3.3 | |||
| 3 | 2523 (19.7) | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 3.5 ± 3.3 | 1.0 ± 3.2 | |||
| 4 | 2819 (22.1) | 2.3 ± 2.4 | 3.4 ± 3.3 | 1.0 ± 3.3 | |||
| 5 (highest) | 2994 (23.4) | 2.2 ± 2.7 | 3.1 ± 3.3 | 0.9 ± 3.3 | |||
| Unknown | 41 (0.3) | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 3.9 ± 3.5 | 1.7 ± 3.2 | |||
| Breast cancer stage | 0.7891 | 0.8486 | 0.5796 | ||||
| I | 2839 (22.2) | 2.3 ± 2.2 | 3.4 ± 3.2 | 1.1 ± 3.2 | |||
| II | 7311 (57.2) | 2.4 ± 2.4 | 3.3 ± 3.3 | 1.0 ± 3.2 | |||
| III | 2631 (20.6) | 2.3 ± 2.9 | 3.4 ± 3.7 | 1.0 ± 3.7 | |||
| Baseline continuity of care | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| 0 visit | 800 (6.3) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 2.1 ± 2.7 | 2.1 ± 2.7 | |||
| 1–2 visits | 1536 (12.0) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 2.4 | 1.8 ± 2.4 | |||
| UPC ≤ 0.75 (low) | 3914 (30.6) | 2.8 ± 2.5 | 3.6 ± 3.5 | 0.7 ± 3.6 | |||
| UPC > 0.75 (high) | 6531 (51.1) | 2.8 ± 2.5 | 3.7 ± 3.4 | 0.9 ± 3.3 | |||
| Primary care practice model | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Straight FFS | 1887 (14.8) | 2.1 ± 2.7 | 3.2 ± 3.4 | 1.1 ± 3.4 | |||
| Enhanced FFS | 6281 (49.1) | 2.7 ± 2.7 | 3.6 ± 3.4 | 0.9 ± 3.3 | |||
| Capitation | 2235 (17.5) | 2.1 ± 2.1 | 3.0 ± 3.1 | 0.9 ± 3.1 | |||
| Team-based capitation | 2206 (17.3) | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 3.3 | 1.5 ± 3.4 | |||
| Other | 172 (1.3) | 1.3 ± 1.6 | 2.4 ± 3.2 | 1.1 ± 3.0 | |||
| Regional health district (LHIN) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Erie St. Clair | 713 (5.6) | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 3.4 ± 3.7 | 1.1 ± 3.5 | |||
| South West | 992 (7.8) | 2.1 ± 2.0 | 3.8 ± 3.2 | 1.8 ± 3.2 | |||
| Waterloo Wellington | 654 (5.1) | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 3.0 | 1.0 ± 2.7 | |||
| Hamilton Niagara | 1468 (11.5) | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 3.5 ± 3.1 | 1.4 ± 3.0 | |||
| Haldimand Brant | |||||||
| Central West | 543 (4.2) | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 3.1 | 0.5 ± 3.1 | |||
| Mississauga Halton | 750 (5.9) | 2.6 ± 2.4 | 2.8 ± 3.1 | 0.2 ± 3.0 | |||
| Toronto Central | 1061 (8.3) | 2.5 ± 3.2 | 3.0 ± 3.3 | 0.5 ± 3.2 | |||
| Central | 1784 (14.0) | 2.7 ± 2.7 | 3.2 ± 3.0 | 0.5 ± 3.3 | |||
| Central East | 1710 (13.4) | 2.6 ± 2.4 | 3.4 ± 3.5 | 0.9 ± 3.4 | |||
| South East | 520 (4.1) | 2.0 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 3.5 | 1.2 ± 3.5 | |||
| Champlain | 1335 (10.4) | 2.1 ± 2.6 | 3.9 ± 3.3 | 1.8 ± 2.9 | |||
| North Simcoe Muskoka | 518–522 (4.1) | 2.3 ± 2.9 | 3.0 ± 2.7 | 0.7 ± 3.5 | |||
| North East | 478 (3.7) | 2.0 ± 1.9 | 3.1 ± 3.9 | 1.1 ± 3.6 | |||
| North West | 252 (2.0) | 1.9 ± 1.8 | 4.4 ± 5.6 | 2.5 ± 5.6 | |||
| Unknown | ≤ 5 | § | § | § | |||
| Physical comorbidities | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| 0–5 physical ADGs (low) | 7287 (57.1) | 1.4 ± 1.7 | 2.8 ± 3.0 | 1.4 ± 3.0 | |||
| 6–9 physical ADGs (medium) | 4425 (34.6) | 3.2 ± 2.3 | 3.8 ± 3.4 | 0.7 ± 3.4 | |||
| ≥ 10 physical ADGs (high) | 1069 (8.4) | 5.6 ± 3.4 | 5.3 ± 4.2 | –0.2 ± 4.0 | |||
| Mental health history | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 4127 (32.3) | 3.5 ± 3.1 | 4.1 ± 3.8 | 0.6 ± 3.7 | |||
| No | 8654 (67.7) | 1.8 ± 1.9 | 3.0 ± 3.1 | 1.2 ± 3.1 |
Note: ADGs = Aggregated Diagnosis Groups, FFS = fee for service, LHIN = local health integration network, PCP = primary care practitioner, SD = standard deviation, UPC = usual provider of care index.
↵* Some participants (n = 72) died during the 6-month treatment period and others (n = 319) were not eligible for Ontario Health Insurance Plan during the full 24-month baseline period. We included an offset term in our multivariable model to account for differences in the exposure time of the baseline and treatment periods.
↵† Mean baseline PCP visits divided by 4 to obtain 6-month visit rate.
↵‡ Nonimmigrants includes Canadian-born citizens or immigrants arriving to Canada before 1985.
↵§ Denotes too few cases to report.