Characteristics of the cohort at first release from custody, stratified by mortality status during the 3-year follow-up period
| Variable | No. (%) of participants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overdose-related death | All-cause death | |||||
| No n = 5998 | Yes n = 108 | p value* | No n = 5952 | Yes n = 154 | p value* | |
| Age group, yr | 0.985 | 0.129 | ||||
| 18–34 | 3132 (52.2) | 56 (51.9) | 3116 (52.4) | 72 (46.8) | ||
| 35–44 | 1512 (25.2) | 28 (25.9) | 1503 (25.3) | 37 (24.0) | ||
| ≥ 45 | 1354 (22.6) | 24 (22.2) | 1333 (22.4) | 45 (29.2) | ||
| Sex | 0.334 | 0.717 | ||||
| Male | 5241 (87.4) | 91 (84.3) | 5199 (87.3) | 133 (86.4) | ||
| Female | 757 (12.6) | 17 (15.7) | 753 (12.7) | 21 (13.6) | ||
| Length of most recent incarceration, d | 0.331 | 0.557 | ||||
| ≤ 3 | 1594 (26.6) | 37 (34.3) | 1583 (26.6) | 48 (31.2) | ||
| 4–15 | 1665 (27.8) | 28 (25.9) | 1653 (27.8) | 40 (26.0) | ||
| 16–60 | 1251 (20.9) | 21 (19.4) | 1239 (20.8) | 33 (21.4) | ||
| > 60 | 1488 (24.8) | 22 (20.4) | 1477 (24.8) | 33 (21.4) | ||
| No. of previous incarcerations | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| 1 | 3428 (57.2) | 40 (37.0) | 3413 (57.3) | 55 (35.7) | ||
| 2–3 | 1224 (20.4) | 24 (22.2) | 1218 (20.5) | 30 (19.5) | ||
| 4–7 | 950 (15.8) | 31 (28.7) | 935 (15.7) | 46 (29.9) | ||
| ≥ 8 | 396 (6.6) | 13 (12.0) | 386 (6.5) | 23 (14.9) | ||
| SUD and mental illness | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| None | 3225 (53.8) | 25 (23.1) | 3212 (54.0) | 38 (24.7) | ||
| SUD | 696 (11.6) | 15 (13.9) | 688 (11.6) | 23 (14.9) | ||
| Mental illness | 702 (11.7) | 12 (11.1) | 696 (11.7) | 18 (11.7) | ||
| SUD and mental illness | 1375 (22.9) | 56 (51.9) | 1356 (22.8) | 75 (48.7) | ||
| Comorbidity index | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 5526 (92.1) | 84 (77.8) | 5497 (92.4) | 113 (73.4) | ||
| ≥ 1 | 472 (7.9) | 24 (22.2) | 455 (7.6) | 41 (26.6) | ||
| Dispensed benzodiazepines | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 4528 (75.5) | 49 (45.4) | 4503 (75.7) | 74 (48.1) | ||
| Yes | 1470 (24.5) | 59 (54.6) | 1449 (24.3) | 80 (51.9) | ||
| Dispensed opioids for pain | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 3136 (52.3) | 14 (13.0) | 3129 (52.6) | 21 (13.6) | ||
| Yes | 2862 (47.7) | 94 (87.0) | 2823 (47.4) | 133 (86.4) | ||
Note: SUD = substance use disorder.
↵* p values derived from χ2 tests.