Operating characteristics of ICD code U07.1 (laboratory-confirmed COVID-19) within hospital diagnostic codes (PCR test as reference) stratified by sex, age, and urban or rural residence
| Parameter | Estimate (95% CI), % |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Female | |
| Sensitivity | 97.2 (93.6–99.1) |
| Specificity | 99.5 (99.2–99.6) |
| Positive predictive value | 86.1 (80.5–90.5) |
| Negative predictive value | 99.9 (99.8–100) |
| Male | |
| Sensitivity | 98.1 (95.7–99.4) |
| Specificity | 99.5 (99.3–99.7) |
| Positive predictive value | 89.7 (85.6–92.9) |
| Negative predictive value | 99.9 (99.8–100) |
| Age | |
| < 50 yr | |
| Sensitivity | 95.1 (87.8–98.6) |
| Specificity | 99.5 (99.1–99.7) |
| Positive predictive value | 84.6 (75.5–91.3) |
| Negative predictive value | 99.8 (99.6–100) |
| 50–75 yr | |
| Sensitivity | 98.5 (95.6–99.7) |
| Specificity | 99.5 (99.2–99.6) |
| Positive predictive value | 87.1 (81.9–91.2) |
| Negative predictive value | 99.9 (99.8–100) |
| > 75 yr | |
| Sensitivity | 98.2 (94.8–99.6) |
| Specificity | 99.6 (99.3–99.8) |
| Positive predictive value | 91.5 (86.4–95.2) |
| Negative predictive value | 99.9 (99.8–100) |
| Urban or rural residence | |
| Urban | |
| Sensitivity | 97.6 (95.6–98.8) |
| Specificity | 99.5 (99.3–99.6) |
| Positive predictive value | 87.8 (84.5–90.7) |
| Negative predictive value | 99.9 (99.8–100) |
| Rural | |
| Sensitivity | 100 (39.8–100) |
| Specificity | 99.7 (98.4–100) |
| Positive predictive value | 80.0 (28.4–99.5) |
| Negative predictive value | 100 (99.0–100) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, ICD = International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, PCR = polymerase chain reaction.