Patient characteristics
| Characteristic | No. (%) of patients* | Standardized difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female n = 354 657 | Male n = 352 065 | ||
| Age at 1 yr before death, yr | |||
| Mean ± SD | 79.54 ± 13.19 | 74.93 ± 13.16 | 0.35 |
| Median (IQR) | 84 (72–89) | 77 (66–85) | 0.39 |
| Category | |||
| 19–29 | 964 (0.3) | 1368 (0.4) | 0.02 |
| 30–39 | 2254 (0.6) | 2695 (0.8) | 0.02 |
| 40–49 | 7419 (2.1) | 10 229 (2.9) | 0.05 |
| 50–59 | 21 397 (6.0) | 33 282 (9.4) | 0.13 |
| 60–69 | 41 316 (11.6) | 62 104 (17.6) | 0.17 |
| 70–79 | 70 159 (19.8) | 89 330 (25.4) | 0.13 |
| 80–89 | 128 237 (34.7) | 114 591 (32.5) | 0.08 |
| 90–99 | 78 495 (22.1) | 37 592 (10.7) | 0.31 |
| 100–109 | 4404 (1.2) | 874 (0.3) | 0.12 |
| ≥110 | 12 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.01 |
| Rural residence at 1 yr before death† | 48 713 (13.7) | 53 671 (15.2) | 0.04 |
| Missing | 631 (0.2) | 647 (0.2) | 0 |
| Neighbourhood income quintile at 1 yr before death‡ | |||
| 1 (lowest) | 89 192 (25.1) | 83 225 (23.6) | 0.04 |
| 2 | 76 020 (21.4) | 76 116 (21.6) | 0 |
| 3 | 68 148 (19.2) | 67 892 (19.3) | 0 |
| 4 | 62 355 (17.6) | 64 032 (18.2) | 0.02 |
| 5 (highest) | 57 229 (16.1) | 59 052 (16.8) | 0.02 |
| Missing | 1713 (0.5) | 1748 (0.5) | 0 |
| Recent immigrant status§ | |||
| Nonimmigrant | 336 077 (94.8) | 333 326 (94.7) | 0 |
| Economic (economic class) immigrant | 3044 (0.9) | 4543 (1.3) | 0.04 |
| Other immigrant | 633 (0.2) | 582 (0.2) | 0 |
| Resettled refugee and protected person in Canada | 1887 (0.5) | 3074 (0.9) | 0.04 |
| Sponsored family (family class) immigrant | 13 016 (3.7) | 10 540 (3.0) | 0.04 |
| Hospital Frailty Risk Score | |||
| 0.0 | 30 085 (8.5) | 33 860 (9.6) | 0.04 |
| 0.1–8.9 | 142 989 (40.3) | 156 005 (44.3) | 0.08 |
| ≥9.0 | 144 849 (40.8) | 134 342 (38.2) | 0.05 |
| Missing | 36 734 (10.4) | 27 858 (7.9) | 0.08 |
| ICES chronic disease prevalence group | |||
| Cancer | 153 840 (43.4) | 184 760 (52.5) | 0.18 |
| Cirrhosis | 2003 (0.6) | 6095 (1.7) | 0.11 |
| Congestive heart failure | 126 431 (35.6) | 123 745 (35.1) | 0.01 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 85 378 (24.1) | 97 250 (27.6) | 0.08 |
| Coronary disease | 61 649 (17.4) | 91 793 (26.1) | 0.21 |
| Nonpsychotic mood/anxiety disorder | 94 955 (26.8) | 76 909 (21.8) | 0.12 |
| Dementia | 110 530 (31.2) | 72 846 (20.7) | 0.24 |
| Diabetes | 122 327 (34.5) | 142 383 (40.4) | 0.12 |
| Hypertension | 286 100 (80.7) | 268 531 (76.3) | 0.11 |
| (Other) mental health condition | 49 896 (14.1) | 63 706 (18.1) | 0.11 |
| Renal disease | 83 262 (23.5) | 100 780 (28.6) | 0.12 |
| Stroke | 42 330 (11.9) | 39 551 (11.2) | 0.02 |
| Received palliative care | 192 022 (54.1) | 185 476 (52.7) | 0.03 |
| Illness trajectory/cause of death | |||
| Dementia (frailty) | 117 906 (33.2) | 107 702 (30.6) | 0.06 |
| Organ failure | 134 490 (37.9) | 130 219 (37.0) | 0.02 |
| Cancer (terminal illness) | 102 261 (28.8) | 114 144 (32.4) | 0.08 |
Note: IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Except where noted otherwise.
↵† Defined within ICES databases as a community with fewer than 10 000 residents.
↵‡ Neighbourhood income quintile is a measure of relative household income derived from Statistics Canada area-based neighbourhood income data from the 2016 Canadian census profile. It is adjusted for household size and cost of living.
↵§ Reported based on inclusion in the Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada database.