The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis suggests that neoplastic clones are maintained
exclusively by a rare fraction of cells with stem cell properties 1 , 2 . Although the existence of …

OBJECTIVE: Patient selection for cerebrospinal fluid diversion is difficult, because idiopathic
normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) mimics other neurodegenerative disorders and no …

Human glioblastomas harbour a subpopulation of glioblastoma stem cells that drive
tumorigenesis. However, the origin of intratumoural functional heterogeneity between glioblastoma …

Purpose : Complex skills, such as ureteroscopy and stone extraction, are increasingly
taught to novice urology trainees using bench models in surgical skills laboratories. We …

Objectives. We compared cycling injury risks of 14 route types and other route infrastructure
features. Methods. We recruited 690 city residents injured while cycling in Toronto or …

Endoglin (CD105) is an accessory receptor for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and
its expression is up-regulated in actively proliferating endothelial cells. Endoglin has been …

Visual-spatial ability is thought to be important in competency in specific surgical procedures.
To test this hypothesis, 37surgical residents completed six tests of visual-spatial ability, …

Glioblastomas harbor diverse cell populations, including rare glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs)
that drive tumorigenesis. To characterize functional diversity within this population, we …

The WHO categorizes pituitary tumours as typical adenomas, atypical adenomas and
pituitary carcinomas, with typical adenomas constituting the major class. However, the WHO …

Objective: We evaluated evidence for utility of shunting in idiopathic normal pressure
hydrocephalus (iNPH) and for predictors of shunting effectiveness. Methods: We identified and …