Background: Under Ontario legislation, for select vaccine-preventable diseases
nonimmunized or under-immunized students must undergo vaccination or provide a …

BACKGROUND: An increase in total vaccine exemptions (medical, philosophic, and
religious) occurred in Arkansas after a 2003 legislation added a philosophic category and …

Background Kindergarten-entry vaccination requirements have played an important role in
controlling vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. Forty-eight states and the …

Median vaccination coverage was 94.3% for 2 doses of measles, mumps, and rubella
vaccine; 95.1% for the state-required number of doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and …

Background and objectives School immunization requirements have ensured high
vaccination rates and have helped to control vaccine-preventable diseases. However …

CDC data for 2005–2011 show an increase in the rate at which children are exempted from
school immunization requirements. Rates of nonmedical exemption were higher in states …

Importance Vaccine exemptions, which allow unvaccinated children to attend school, have
increased by a factor of 28 since 2003 in Texas. Geographic clustering of unvaccinated …

Rates of nonmedical exemptions from school immunizations are increasing and have been
associated with resurfacing clusters of vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles …

Nonmedical exemptions are widely shown to be associated with outbreaks of vaccine-
preventable disease. In response to a recent measles outbreak in 2015, California acted to …

All 50 US states allow medical exemptions from school entry immunization requirements.
The extent to which medical exemptions are granted and the relationship with ease of …