Research
Chronic health conditions reported by male inmates newly admitted to Canadian federal penitentiaries
Lynn A. Stewart, Amanda Nolan, Jeremy Sapers, Jenelle Power, Linda Panaro and Jonathan Smith
March 25, 2015 3 (1) E97-E102; DOI: https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20140025
Lynn A. Stewart
1Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
PhD C PsychAmanda Nolan
1Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
MAJeremy Sapers
1Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
BAJenelle Power
1Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
PhDLinda Panaro
1Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
MDCMJonathan Smith
1Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
MScTable 2:
Lifestyle risk factor | Group; no. (%)* | φc value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total n = 2273 | Aboriginal n = 496 | Non-Aboriginal n = 1774 | |||||
Alcohol use | 1049 | (52.6) | 257 | (62.1) | 786 | (49.8) | 0.10‡ |
History of injection drug use | 415 | (20.8) | 114 | (27.6) | 299 | (18.9) | 0.09 |
Cigarette smoking | 453 | (21.1) | 89 | (19.7) | 364 | (21.5) | 0.02 |
No physical exercise | 407 | (21.1) | 61 | (15.1) | 346 | (22.7) | 0.08 |
Overweight or obese† | 1164 | (64.5) | 243 | (67.9) | 919 | (63.6) | 0.04 |
*The denominator varies by condition owing to missing data. †Overweight = body mass index (BMI) 25–29.9, obese = BMI ≥ 30. ‡Value indicates meaningful effect size (i.e., at least a weak association). Cramér’s phi (denoted as φc) values between 0.10 and 0.20 indicate a weak association, between 0.20 and 0.40 a moderate association, between 0.40 and 0.60 a strong association and above 0.60 a very strong association.
References
- ↵
- Fazel S,
- Baillargeon J
- Harris F,
- Hek G,
- Condon L
- ↵Indig D, Topp L, Ross B, et al. 2009 NSW Inmate Health Survey: key findings report. Sydney: Justice Health; 2010. Available: www.justicehealth.nsw.gov.au/about-us/publications/2009-ihs-report.pdf (accessed 2014 Feb. 11).
- ↵The health status of soon-to-be-released inmates: a report to Congress, volume 1. Chicago: National Commission on Correctional Health Care; 2004. Document no 189735. Available: www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/189735.pdf (accessed 2015 Mar. 11).
- ↵
- Robert D.
- ↵
- Wilper AP,
- Woolhandler S,
- Boyd JW,
- et al.
- ↵Harmon, K. Brain injury rate 7 times greater among U.S. prisoners. Sci Am 2012 Feb. 4. Available: www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=traumatic-brain-injury-prison (accessed 2015 Mar. 11).
- ↵What makes Canadians healthy or unhealthy? Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; 2013. Available: www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/determinants/determinants-eng.php (accessed 2015 Mar. 11).
- ↵Wilkinson, R, Marmot, M, editors. Social determinants of health: the solid facts. 2nd ed. Denmark: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2003. Available: www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/98438/e81384.pdf (accessed 2015 Mar. 11).
- ↵Johnson, RC, Raphael, S. The effects of male incarceration dynamics on AIDS infection rates among African-American women and men [no. 06-22 of National Poverty Center Working Paper Series]. Ann Arbor (MI): National Poverty Center; 2006.
- ↵Corrections and conditional release statistical overview: 2013 annual report. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada; 2013. Available: www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/crrctns-cndtnl-rls-2013/index-eng.aspx (accessed 2015 Mar. 18).
- ↵Aday, RH, Krabill, JJ. Older and geriatric offenders: critical issues for the 21st century. In: Gideon L, editor. Special needs offenders in correctional institutions. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Inc.; 2013:203-32.
- ↵
- ↵The Canadian population in 2011: population counts and growth. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2012. Cat. no. 98-310-X2011001. Available: www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-310-x/98-310-x2011001-eng.cfm (accessed 2015 Mar. 11).
- ↵
- ↵Gionet, L, Roshanafshar, S. Select health indicators of First Nations people living off reserve, Métis and Inuit. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2013. Cat. no. 82-624-X. Available: www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2013001/article/11763-eng.htm (accessed 2015 Mar. 11).
- ↵
- Gracey M,
- King M.
- ↵
- Bell A,
- Crutcher N.
- ↵Basic principles for the treatment of prisoners. New York: United Nations; 1990. Available: www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/BasicPrinciplesTreatmentOfPrisoners.aspx (accessed 2015 Mar. 11).
- ↵Corrections and Conditional Release Act (S.C. 1992, c. 20).
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵Commissioner’s directive no. 800: health services. Ottawa: Correctional Service Canada; 2011. Available: www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/cdshtm/800-cde-eng.shtml (accessed 2015 Mar. 15).
- ↵Rea, LM, Parker, RA. Designing and conducting survey research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1992.
- ↵Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action and the social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. Available: www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/en/ (accessed 2015 Mar. 18).
- ↵Health indicator profile, by Aboriginal identity and sex, age-standardized rate, four year estimates, Canada, provinces and territories, occasional (rate) [table 105-0513]. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Available: www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=1050513&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=31&tabMode=dataTable&csid= (modified 2013 Jan. 29; accessed 2015 Mar. 11).
- ↵Substance abuse in corrections FAQ. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse; 2004. Available: www.ccsa.ca/Resource%20Library/ccsa-011058-2004.pdf (accessed 2015 Mar. 18).
- ↵
- Usher AM,
- Stewart LA
- ↵Infectious disease surveillance in Canadian federal penitentiaries: 2007–2008: pre-release report. Ottawa: Health Services Sector, Correctional Service Canada; 2008. Available: www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/pblct/infdscfp-2007-08/index-eng.shtml (modified 2012 Aug. 21; accessed 2015 Mar. 11).
- ↵Zakaria D, Thompson J, Jarvis A, et al. Summary of emerging findings from the 2007 National Inmate Infectious Diseases and Risk-behaviours Survey. Ottawa: Correctional Service Canada; 2010. Available: www.csc-scc.gc.ca/005/008/092/005008-0211-eng.pdf (accessed 2015 Mar. 11).
- ↵Zakaria, D, Thompson, JM, Borgatta, F. Rates of reported sexually transmitted infections since admission to Canadian federal prison and associated incarceration characteristics and sexual risk-behaviours. Ottawa: Correctional Service Canada; 2010. Report no. 196. Available: www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/r196-eng.shtml (accessed 2015 Mar. 11).
In this issue
Article tools
Respond to this article
Chronic health conditions reported by male inmates newly admitted to Canadian federal penitentiaries
Lynn A. Stewart, Amanda Nolan, Jeremy Sapers, Jenelle Power, Linda Panaro, Jonathan Smith
Jan 2015, 3 (1) E97-E102; DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20140025