| Characteristic | No. of physicians reimbursed by FFS* (n = 94) | No. of physicians reimbursed by blended* (n = 37) | No. of physicians reimbursed by APP* (n = 51) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proportion of surveyed physicians | 51.6% | 20.3% | 28.0% | |
| Physician specialty | ||||
| Surgery | 36 (38.2) | 10 (27.0) | 6 (11.8) | |
| Internal medicine | 21 (22.3) | 9 (24.3) | 34 (66.7) | |
| Neurology/neurosurgery | − | 2 (5.4) | 1 (2.0) | |
| Pediatrics | 7 (7.4) | 7 (18.9) | 9 (17.6) | |
| Psychiatry | 19 (20.2) | 5 (13.5) | − | − |
| Others | 11 (11.7) | 4 (10.8) | 1 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
| Are you obligated or recommended to shadow bill? | ||||
| Yes, obligated | − | 23 (62.2) | 48 (94.1) | |
| Yes, it is recommended | − | 1 (2.7) | 2 (3.9) | |
| No/unsure | − | 13 (35.1) | 1 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
| If your program or department has an APP, does it use any type of incentives to promote the use of shadow billing? | ||||
| Yes | − | 3 (8.1) | 7 (13.7) | |
| No | − | 27 (73.0) | 39 (76.5) | |
| Unsure | − | 7 (18.9) | 5 (9.8) | < 0.001 |
| Age, yr | ||||
| 30-39 | 29 (30.8) | 10 (27.0) | 14 (27.4) | < 0.001 |
| 40-59 | 54 (57.4) | 27 (73.0) | 31 (60.8) | |
| ≥ 59 | 11 (11.7) | 0.0 | 6 (11.8) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 73 (77.7) | 28 (75.7) | 31 (60.8) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 21 (22.3) | 9 (24.3) | 20 (39.2) | |
| Length of time in practice, yr | ||||
| < 5 | 14 (15.0) | 7 (18.9) | 10 (19.6) | < 0.001 |
| 5-14 | 39 (41.5) | 13 (35.1) | 21 (41.2) | |
| ≥ 15 | 42 (44.7) | 17 (46.0) | 20 (39.2) | |
Note: APP = alternative payment plan, blended = plans with both FFS and APP components, FFS = fee-for-service payment plan.
*Unless otherwise specified.