Practice- and panel-level confounding variables
| Practice | Panel |
|---|---|
| No. of physicians in the clinic6,38 | Physician panel size39,40 |
| Gender of physicians41,42 | Age of panel39 |
| Location of clinic43 | No. of patients on multiple panels44 |
| No. of days worked per week45 | Panel complexity*39,46 |
| – | No. of female patients39,47 |
↵* The Canadian Institute of Health Information’s Population Grouper was used to infer patient complexity.48