Total calories for type of food preparation according to type of dietary avoidance(s)
| Variable | Total kilocalories consumed, % (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home recipe or homemade | Restaurants* | Other† | No preparation required | Information not available | |
| Respondents who avoid dietary gluten | 12.2 (9.6 to 14.7) | 2.0 (1.1 to 2.9) | 10.5 (7.7 to 13.3) | 54.9 (50.5 to 59.3) | 20.4 (15.9 to 25.0) |
| Respondents reporting ≥ 1 dietary avoidances other than gluten | 11.7 (10.6 to 12.9) | 6.7 (5.4 to 7.9)§ | 11.4 (10.5 to 12.3) | 49.3 (47.8 to 50.9)¶ | 20.9 (19.6 to 22.1) |
| Respondents who report no dietary avoidances | 12.6 (12.1 to 13.2) | 6.4 (6.0 to 6.9)§ | 12.1 (11.6 to 12.6) | 47.5 (46.8 to 48.2)** | 21.3 (20.7 to 21.9) |
| Matched analysis‡ | |||||
| Respondents who avoid dietary gluten | 12.2 (9.6 to 14.7) | 2.6 (1.2 to 3.9) | 9.7 (6.6 to 12.8) | 53.5 (48.3 to 58.6) | 22.9 (19.5 to 22.2) |
| Respondents reporting ≥ 1 dietary avoidances other than gluten | 11.8 (10.7 to 13.0) | 6.4 (5.1 to 7.7)§ | 11.7 (10.7 to 12.6) | 49.2 (47.6 to 50.7) | 20.9 (19.5 to 22.2) |
Note: CI = confidence interval.
↵* Includes fast food establishments.
↵† Includes dry mix, frozen or commercially packaged foods.
↵‡ Respondents avoiding gluten were matched to respondents avoiding ≥ 1 dietary avoidances according to age groups, sex, income adequacy and household education as described in the Methods.
↵§ p < 0.001 in comparison with respondents who avoid dietary gluten.
↵¶ p < 0.01 in comparison with respondents who avoid dietary gluten.
↵** p < 0.05 in comparison with respondents who avoid dietary gluten.