Multivariable adjusted risk differences for the association of immune-mediated inflammatory disease, anxiety disorder and uptake of influenza vaccination
Variable | Cohort; adjusted risk difference,* % (95% CI)† | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Immune-mediated disease | Inflammatory bowel disease | Multiple sclerosis | Rheumatoid arthritis | |
No. flu shots/PYs at risk | 402 542/1 235 712 | 111 983/401 123.6 | 72 424/248 553.6 | 223 725/601 042.5 |
Controls without anxiety disorder | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) |
Immune-mediated disease effect without anxiety disorder effect | 6.58 (5.96 to 7.19) | 6.89 (5.86 to 7.91) | 7.78 (6.35 to 9.21) | 5.72 (4.80 to 6.64) |
Anxiety effect without immune-mediated disease effect | 4.41 (4.05 to 4.77) | 4.93 (4.32 to 5.53) | 4.95 (4.65 to 5.75) | 3.75 (3.22 to 4.27) |
Interaction contrast between case effect and anxiety disorder effect‡ | −1.74 (−2.62 to −0.86) | −0.78 (−2.27 to 0.71) | 2.43 (0.36 to 4.49) | −2.35 (−3.62 to −1.07) |
Age, yr | ||||
18–24 | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) |
25–44 | 6.22 (5.70 to 6.74) | 5.72 (5.09 to 6.35) | 7.12 (5.67 to 8.58) | 5.62 (4.47 to 6.77) |
45–64 | 15.21 (14.67 to 15.76) | 14.08 (13.39 to 14.78) | 15.36 (13.88 to 16.85) | 15.03 (13.86 to 16.20) |
≥ 65 | 33.44 (32.83 to 34.04) | 33.88 (32.98 to 34.77) | 32.83 (31.17 to 34.48) | 32.38 (31.18 to 33.59) |
Sex | ||||
Male | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) |
Female | 5.10 (4.78 to 5.42) | 5.06 (4.55 to 5.57) | 3.86 (3.10 to 4.62) | 4.69 (4.17 to 5.21) |
Region | ||||
Rural | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) |
Urban | 2.20 (1.87 to 2.53) | 1.91 (1.38 to 2.43) | 2.32 (1.56 to 3.09) | 2.59 (2.09 to 3.09) |
Socioeconomic status | ||||
Quintile 1 (lowest) | −4.70 (−5.21 to −4.20) | −4.69 (−5.51 to −3.87) | −3.30 (−4.44 to −2.15) | −6.05 (−6.84 to −5.27) |
Quintile 2 | −3.73 (−4.24 to −3.22) | −4.04 (−4.82 to −3.25) | −3.40 (−4.52 to −2.29) | −4.00 (−4.82 to −3.17) |
Quintile 3 | −3.06 (−3.57 to −2.54) | −3.35 (−4.14 to −2.57) | −2.70 (−3.81 to −1.58) | −3.37 (−4.20 to −2.53) |
Quintile 4 | −2.24 (−2.75 to −1.74) | −2.15 (−2.92 to −1.38) | −2.16 (−3.52 to −1.06) | −2.67 (−3.49 to −1.84) |
Quintile 5 (highest) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) |
Comorbidity | ||||
0 | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) |
1 | 4.81 (4.36 to 5.26) | 3.46 (2.72 to 4.20) | 3.86 (2.76 to 4.96) | 5.68 (5.04 to 6.33) |
≥ 2 | 8.75 (7.68 to 9.83) | 8.68 (6.65 to 10.71) | 9.17 (6.31 to 12.04) | 8.40 (7.02 to 9.79) |
Immune-mediated disease-specific procedure | 4.98 (4.26 to 5.71) | 6.91 (5.59 to 8.23) | – | 4.04 (3.17 to 4.92) |
Immune therapy | ||||
None | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) | 0 (Ref.) |
Anti-inflammatory/immune-modulatory therapy | 3.09 (2.72 to 3.45) | 2.97 (2.40 to 3.53) | 4.48 (2.58 to 6.37) | 3.06 (2.57 to 3.55) |
Any biologic | 9.10 (7.95 to 10.30) | 9.17 (7.15 to 11.20) | 5.77 (2.31 to 9.24) | 9.46 (7.93 to 10.98) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, PY = person-years, Ref. = reference category.
↵* Adjusted for all other variables included in table.
↵† Except where indicated otherwise.
↵‡ A negative interaction contrast with a 95% CI that does not encompass 0 indicates a subadditive effect; that is, the joint effect of immune-mediated disease and anxiety disorder is less than the sum of their individual effects. A positive interaction with a 95% CI that does not encompass 0 indicates a superadditive effective that is greater than the sum of the individual immune-mediated disease and anxiety disorder effects.