Patient cohort demographic characteristics |
Age, mean ± SD, yr | 67 ± 12 (15) | Normal |
Female sex (SE), % | 39.7 (0.13) (33) | β |
Patient outcomes in acute phase of mechanical ventilation‡ |
Patients with clusters of ineffective efforts, mean (estimated 95% CI), % | 38 (29.1 to 47.3) (33) | β |
Patient asynchrony on entering model‡ |
Asynchrony > 10% at initiation of mechanical ventilation if clusters of ineffective efforts, % ± SD | 8.5 ± 1.8 (33) | β |
Asynchrony > 10% at initiation of mechanical ventilation if no clusters of ineffective efforts, % ± SD | 1.5 ± 1.0 (33) | β |
Reference efficacy standard of care (PSV), mean (95% CI) |
Duration of mechanical ventilation, d | 8.1 (4.5 to 28.3) (34) | Normal |
Time in intensive care unit, d | 12.6 (7.4 to 33.3) (34)§ | Normal |
Time in hospital, d | 43.5 (18.6 to 68.4) (34)§ | Normal |
Spontaneous breathing trial success, % | 77.9 (73.8 to 82.1) (23) | β |
Liberation success, % (95% CI) | 85.3 (85.1 to 85.6) (35) | β |
Adverse event rates, mean (95% CI), % |
Tracheostomy | 26.0 (8.1 to 44.0) (15) | β |
Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 8.8 (5.7 to 11.9) (34) | β |
Nosocomial infection | 0.85 (0.66 to 1.04) (36) | β |
Intensive care unit death | 25.4 (20.7 to 30.1) (34) | β |
Hospital death | 30.3 (25.3 to 35.3) (34) | β |
Postdischarge death |
Year 1 | 12.5 (12.4 to 12.6) (37) | β |
Year 2 | 19.3 (19.2 to 19.5) (37)¶ | β |
Year 3 | 27.5 (27.3 to 27.7) (37)¶ | β |
Year 4 | onward Life tables¶ | β |
Comparative effectiveness, PAV+ mode v. PSV** |
Total duration of mechanical ventilation, mean (95% CI), d | −1.53 (−2.24 to −0.83) | Normal |
Intensive care unit length of stay, mean (95% CI), d | −1.54 (−2.19 to −0.90) | Normal |
Hospital length of stay, mean (95% CI), d | −1.83 (−2.51 to −1.16) | Normal |
Successful weaning/liberation, OR (95% CI) | 1.49 (0.59 to 3.79) | Log-normal |
Intensive care unit death, OR (95% CI) | 0.70 (0.41 to 1.20) | Log-normal |
Hospital death, OR (95% CI) | 0.70 (0.40 to 1.22) | Log-normal |
Tracheostomy, OR (95% CI) | 0.76 (0.44 to 1.31) | Log-normal |
Extubation failure/reintubation, OR (95% CI) | 0.52 (0.25 to 1.08) | Log-normal |
Asynchrony index ≥ 10, OR (95% CI) | 0.13 (0.07 to 0.23) | Log-normal |
Costs†† |
Intensive care unit, cost per day, mean (range of reported means), $ | 2765 (2354–3690) (38) | γ |
General ward, cost per day, mean (range of reported means), $ | 019 (717–1400) (38) | γ |
Mechanical ventilation initiation, cost per event, mean (95% CI), $ | 139 (125 to 153) (39) | γ |
Mechanical ventilation maintenance, cost per day, mean (95% CI), $ | 851 (766 to 936) (39) | γ |
Tracheostomy, cost per event, mean (95% CI), $ | 4193 (3908 to 4477) (40) | γ |
Ventilator-associated pneumonia, cost per day, mean (95% CI), $ | 58 (30 to 73) (41), (42) | γ |
Other nosocomial infection, cost per event, mean (± 10%), $ | 870 (783 to 956) (43) | γ |
PSV, purchase cost, $ | 0‡‡ | γ |
PAV+ mode, 1-time purchase cost, $ | 27 000 (22)§§ | γ |
After discharge, annual cost, mean (95% CI), $ |
Year 1–2 | 13 707 (6241 to 37 631) (44)¶ | γ |
Year 3 onward | 10 032 (5835 to 17 169) (44)¶ | γ |
Ventilator-associated pneumonia, additional length of stay, median (range), d | 9.5 (8.8–10.1) (27) | Normal |
Health state utility, mean (95% CI) |
Baseline | 0.776 (0.677 to 0.899) (22) | Normal |
Mechanical ventilation | −0.390 (−0.590 to 0.090) (22) | Normal |
Intensive care unit | 0.402 (0.362 to 0.442) (22) | Normal |
Hospital | 0.520 (0.450 to 0.590) (22) | Normal |
After discharge to 1 yr | 0.550 (0.480 to 0.610) (22) | Normal |
Adverse event disutility |
Tracheostomy | 0¶¶ | Normal |
Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 0*** | Normal |
Extubation failure | 0¶¶ | Normal |