Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1:
Characteristics of COVID-19 outbreaks in long-term care facilities between Mar. 1, 2020, and Jan. 31, 2021, in British Columbia
Characteristic No. (%) of total* COVID-19 outbreaks Total outbreaks† 94 Wave 1‡ 18 (19.1) Wave 2‡ 76 (80.9) No. of residents involved in outbreak 1 14 (14.9) 2–10 28 (29.8) 11–50 34 (36.2) > 50 18 (19.1) At least 1 resident death 75 (79.8) Length of outbreak, d, mean ± SD 47.2 ± 18.6 Range 5.0–106.0 No. of outbreaks by health authority Vancouver Coastal Health 25 (26.6) Fraser Health 55 (58.5) Interior Health 9 (9.6) Island Health 2 (2.1) Northern Health 3 (3.2) LTC facilities Total facilities 293 Facilities with outbreaks 80 (27.3) No outbreaks 213 (72.7) 1 outbreak 66 (22.5) 2 outbreaks 14 (4.8) Facilities by health authority Vancouver Coastal Health 54 (18.4) Fraser Health 80 (27.3) Interior Health 79 (27.0) Island Health 58 (19.8) Northern Health 22 (7.5) COVID-19 cases among LTC residents‡ Total resident cases 2379 Resident cases per outbreak facility, mean ± SD 29.7 ± 26.9 Total resident deaths 749 COVID-19 case mortality rate (resident deaths per resident COVID-19 cases) 749 (31.5) Resident cases by health authority Vancouver Coastal Health 764 (32.1) Fraser Health 1286 (54.1) Interior Health 231 (9.7) Island Health 8 (0.3) Northern Health 90 (3.8) Community rates of COVID-19 Health authority daily incidence, infections per 100000 population¶ Vancouver Coastal Health 4.14 Fraser Health 6.75 Interior Health 2.52 Island Health 0.76 Northern Health 4.20 Note: LTC = long-term care, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless indicated otherwise.
↵† An outbreak at a facility was declared when COVID-19 was diagnosed in 1 or more LTC residents by laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.
↵‡ Wave 1: Mar. 1, 2020, to July 31, 2020; wave 2: Aug. 1, 2020, to Jan. 31, 2021.
§ A COVID-19 case refers to an LTC facility resident with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.
↵¶ Average daily incidence (Mar. 1, 2020, to Jan. 31, 2021) calculated from laboratory-diagnosed or episode-linked case tallies by health authority in BC.
- Table 2:
Characteristics of long-term care facilities in British Columbia by presence of a COVID-19 outbreak between Mar. 1, 2020, and Jan. 31, 2021
Characteristic No. (%) of facilities* p value† All facilities
n = 293Facilities with outbreaks
n = 80Facilities with no outbreaks
n = 213Total beds 29 095 9919 19 176 Ownership characteristics‡ For-profit 105 (35.8) 37 (46.3) 68 (31.9) 0.003 Nonprofit 82 (28.0) 25 (31.3) 57 (26.8) 0.029 Health authority 106 (36.2) 18 (22.5) 88 (41.3) Ref. Community characteristics Facility-weighted COVID-19 community incidence (infections per 100 000 population),§¶ median (IQR) 4.14 (2.52–6.75) 6.75 (4.14–6.75) 2.52 (0.76–4.14) < 0.0001 Staffing characteristics Staffing hours** Total nursing or care aide hours, mean ± SD 2.98 ± 0.35 2.90 ± 0.20 3.01 ± 0.39 0.003 Total allied health hours, mean ± SD 0.32 ± 0.10 0.32 ± 0.07 0.32 ± 0.11 0.691 Missing 1 0 1 Subcontracted services Professional nursing services 69 (23.6) 27 (33.8) 42 (19.7) 0.012 Nonregulated services (care aides) 69 (23.6) 26 (32.5) 43 (20.2) 0.027 Any food services 109 (37.8) 38 (48.1) 71 (34.0) 0.027 Missing 5 1 4 Facility characteristics Age of facility, yr, mean ± SD 30.3 ± 16.3 31.3 ± 15.9 29.9 ± 16.4 0.494 Beds per facility, mean ± SD 99.3 ± 56.1 124.0 ± 56.9 90.0 ± 53.0 < 0.0001 Facilities with beds in shared rooms 174 (59.4) 58 (72.5) 116 (54.5) 0.005 Large proportion of beds in shared rooms†† (v. small or none) 88 (30.0) 30 (37.5) 58 (27.2) 0.088 Resident characteristics Facility-weighted age of population,§ yr, mean ± SD 83.8 ± 32.5 84.2 ± 26.6 83.6 ± 34.4 0.139 Missing 3 0 3 Facility-weighted proportion of male residents,§ median (IQR) 0.35 (0.29–0.41) 0.35 (0.29–0.42) 0.35 (0.30–0.40) 0.613 Missing 3 0 3 Facility-weighted case mix index,§ mean ± SD 0.58 ± 0.38 0.58 ± 0.35 0.58 ± 0.39 0.543 Missing 4 1 3 Note: IQR = interquartile range, Ref. = reference category, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless indicated otherwise.
↵† Tests of comparison include the Welch t-test and Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables, and the χ2 test for categorical variables.
↵‡ For-profit facilities include those owned and operated by for-profit corporations. Nonprofit facilities include those owned and operated by independent (nongovernment) nonprofit societies. Health authority facilities include those owned and operated by the provincial health authorities in British Columbia.
↵§ Variable is weighted by size of facility.
↵¶ Average daily incidence (Mar. 1, 2020, to Jan. 31, 2021) calculated from laboratory-diagnosed or episode-linked case tallies by health authority in BC.
↵** Nursing or care aide hours includes registered nurse hours, licensed practical nurse hours and care aide hours (average number of hours for entire facility, not how many hours each resident receives). Allied health includes physical, occupational, recreation, speech and language therapies, as well as social work services and dietitians.
↵†† Large proportion of beds in shared rooms = greater than 20% of total beds are in shared rooms.
- Table 3:
Multivariable regression analysis of ownership and other characteristics associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in long-term care facilities in British Columbia, Mar. 1, 2020, to Jan. 31, 2021
Characteristic Univariate models Unadjusted HR (95% CI) Model 1 Adjusted HR (95% CI) Model 2 Adjusted HR (95% CI) Model 3 Adjusted HR (95% CI) Ownership For-profit 2.17 (1.38–3.41) 1.90 (1.14–3.18) 1.72 (0.99–2.98) 1.99 (1.12–3.52) Nonprofit 2.28 (1.39–3.73) 2.13 (1.21–3.75) 1.93 (1.06–3.50) 1.84 (1.00–3.36) Health authority Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Time-varying community incidence of COVID-19 (infections per 100 000 population) 1.14 (1.10–1.19) 1.13 (1.09–1.18) 1.13 (1.08–1.18) 1.12 (1.07–1.17) Total nursing or care aide hours per resident-day 0.20 (0.07–0.59) 0.69 (0.26–1.83) 0.84 (0.33–2.14) Facility age, yr 1.01 (1.00–1.02) 1.01 (1.00–1.02) No. of beds per facility (per 25 beds) 1.20 (1.13–1.26) 1.20 (1.12–1.30) Facilities with beds in shared rooms 1.56 (1.03–2.36) 1.16 (0.73–1.85) Note: CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio, Ref. = reference category.
* Model 1 adjusted for community incidence of COVID-19. Model 2 adjusted for incidence and staffing characteristics. Model 3 adjusted for incidence, and staffing and facility characteristics.