Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1: Characteristics of patients with Parkinson disease in the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network
Characteristic Men, no. (%)*
n = 996Women, no. (%)*
n = 819Overall, no. (%)*
n = 1815Age,† mean ± SD 74.1 ± 11.8 75.1 ± 13.4 74.6 ± 12.4 14-50 29 (2.9) 44 (5.4) 73 (4.0) 51-60 94 (9.5) 55 (6.7) 149 (8.2) 61-70 208 (20.9) 156 (19.1) 364 (20.1) 71-80 341 (34.3) 237 (29.0) 578 (31.9) 81-90 282 (28.4) 258 (31.6) 540 (29.8) > 90 40 (4.0) 67 (8.2) 107 (5.9) Age at diagnosis of Parkinson disease,† mean ± SD 70.9 ± 11.7 71.8 ± 12.6 71.3 ± 12.6 Duration of Parkinson disease, yr,† mean ± SD 3.3 ± 2.8 3.4 ± 2.8 3.3 ± 2.8 Encounters with a primary care provider, mean ± SD 1-year period 7.2 ± 9.2 7.9 ± 10.1 7.5 ± 9.6 2-year period 14.7 ± 16.1 16.3 ± 17.3 15.5 ± 16.7 Residence type† Urban 780 (81.3) 653 (82.3) 1433 (82.0) Rural 180 (18.8) 135 (17.1) 315 (18.0) Body mass index†, mean ± SD 27.0 ± 4.8 26.2 ± 5.6 26.7 ± 5.2 Body mass index category n = 483 n = 370 n = 853 Normal (18-24) 144 (29.8) 144 (38.9) 288 (33.8) Underweight (< 18) 1 (0.2) 8 (2.2) 9 (1.1) Overweight (25-29) 202 (41.8) 118 (31.9) 320 (37.5) Obese (≥ 30) 136 (28.2) 100 (27.0) 236 (27.7) Smoking status* n = 451 n = 328 n = 779 Never 223 (49.6) 208 (63.4) 431 (55.3) Current 47 (10.4) 38 (11.6) 85 (10.9) Past 181 (40.1) 82 (25.0) 263 (33.8) No. of comorbidities‡, mean ± SD 1.7 ± 1.2 1.9 ± 1.3 1.8 ± 1.3 0 168 (16.9) 130 (15.9) 298 (16.4) 1 300 (30.1) 234 (28.6) 534 (29.4) 2 281 (28.2) 207 (25.3) 488 (26.9) ≥ 3 247 (24.8) 248 (30.3) 495 (27.3) Type of comorbidity§ n = 828 n = 689 n = 1517 Hypertension 520 (62.8) 453 (65.8) 973 (64.1) Depression‡ 283 (34.2) 295 (42.8) 578 (38.1) Osteoarthritis‡ 259 (31.3) 313 (45.4) 572 (37.7) Dementia 245 (29.6) 194 (28.2) 439 (29.0) Diabetes 232 (19.6) 162 (33.7) 394 (26.0) COPD† 146 (17.6) 78 (11.3) 224 (14.8) Epilepsy 26 (3.1) 28 (4.1) 54 (3.6) Note: COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SD = standard deviation.
*Unless otherwise specified.
†Missing data: age, age at diagnosis of Parkinson disease, duration of Parkinson disease and residence type had < 4.0% missing data; body mass index was missing for 53.0% of patients; smoking status was missing for 57.1%.
‡Significance by sex defined as p < 0.05 using t test and χ2 of independence test.
§Column percentage is > 100% because patients could have more than 1 chronic condition.
- Table 2: Recorded medications for depression in patients with diagnoses of both Parkinson disease and depression in the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network
Characteristic Men, no. (%)*
n = 283Women, no. (%)*
n = 295Overall, no. (%)*
n = 578Age at diagnosis of depression, yr, mean ± SD 71.8 ± 11.9 72.0 ± 12.3 71.9 ± 12.1 Diagnosed before Parkinson disease 121 (42.8) 121 (41.0) 242 (41.9) Diagnosed after Parkinson disease 162 (57.2) 174 (58.9) 336 (58.1) Duration of depression, yr, mean ± SD 5.0 ± 3.1 4.8 ± 3.2 4.9 ± 3.2 Encounters with a primary care provider, mean ± SD 1-year period 8.3 ± 9.1 8.6 ± 8.5 8.5 ± 8.8 2-year period 17.2 ± 16.5 17.7 ± 15.6 17.5 ± 16.1 No. of medications for depression, mean ± SD 1.7 ± 1.2 1.9 ± 1.2 1.8 ± 1.2 0 44 (15.5) 36 (12.2) 80 (13.8) 1 76 (26.9) 91 (30.8) 167 (28.9) 2 96 (33.9) 82 (27.8) 178 (30.8) ≥ 3 67 (23.7) 86 (29.2) 153 (26.5) Type of medication for depression Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 140 (49.5) 162 (54.9) 302 (52.2) Benzodiazepines and related hypnosedatives 130 (45.9) 143 (48.5) 273 (47.2) Atypical antipsychotic agents 86 (30.4) 97 (32.9) 183 (31.7) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 45 (15.9) 54 (18.3) 99 (17.1) Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors 44 (15.6) 31 (10.5) 75 (13.0) Tricyclics and tetracyclics 21 (7.4) 36 (12.2) 57 (9.9) Amitriptyline† 9 (3.2) 17 (6.0) 26 (4.5) Bipolar medications 24 (8.5) 30 (10.2) 54 (9.3) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 5 (1.8) 4 (1.4) 9 (1.6) No depression medication 44 (15.5) 36 (12.2) (80) 13.8 Note: SD = standard deviation.
*Unless otherwise specified.
†Tricyclic recommended in Canadian guidelines on Parkinson disease.12
- Table 3: Encounter-adjusted Poisson regression of the recorded number of medications for depression by sex in patients with diagnoses of Parkinson disease and depression
Dependent variable* Sex
(male reference = 1.00)No. of encounters with a
primary care providerRR (95% CI) p value RR (95% CI) p value No. of medications 1.08 (0.95-1.22) 0.2 1.11 (1.06-1.16) < 0.001* Note: 95% CI = confidence intervals (lower bound-upper bound), p value = probability value, RR = rate ratio.*Sex served as the main independent variable and number of encounters with a primary care provider in a 2-year period served as a covariate using a log-2 scale in the regression model.
†Significance defined as p < 0.05.
- Table 4: Encounter-adjusted logistic regressions for the recorded type of medications for depression by sex in patients with diagnoses of Parkinson disease and depression
Dependent variable Sex
(male reference = 1.00)No. of encounters with a
primary care providerOR (95% CI) p value OR (95% CI) p value Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 1.25 (0.90-1.73) 0.2 1.22 (1.08-1.39) < 0.01* Benzodiazepines and related hypnosedative 1.11 (0.80-1.54) 0.5 1.25 (1.10-1.42) < 0.001* Atypical and antipsychotic agents 1.12 (0.79-1.59) 0.5 1.10 (0.96-1.25) 0.2 Serotonin-norephinephrine reuptake inhibitors 1.18 (0.77-1.83) 0.4 1.06 (0.90-1.25) 0.5 Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors 0.64 (0.39-1.04) 0.07 1.14 (0.94-1.38) 0.2 Tricyclics and tetracyclics 1.73 (0.99-3.10) 0.06 1.32 (1.07-1.67) 0.01* Bipolar medications 1.22 (0.69-2.16) 0.5 1.15 (0.93-1.43) 0.2 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 0.76 (0.19-2.90) 0.7 1.23 (0.75-2.14) 0.4 Note: CI = confidence intervals, OR = odds ratio.
*Significance defined as p < 0.05.
Gender served as the main independent variable and the number of encounters with a primary care provider in a 2-year period served as a covariate using a log-2 scale in the regression model.