Brain changes |
Structural changes Functional changes Chemical changes
| 15 | 359 | 3 | 4.9 (1–8) | Association
Amygdala, hippocampal, white and grey matter volume, blood flow Learning, attention, memory, overall activity Glutamate, dopamine, N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol, choline GABA No association
|
Cancer |
Testicular Head and neck Lung Other cancers
| 4 | 62 | None | 7.5 (5–9) | Association
No association
|
Mental health |
| 22 | 394 | None | 6.4 (1–10) | Association
Psychosis, earlier onset of psychosis, relapse and readmission to hospital Death by suicide, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, depression, more severe mania, anxiety No association
|
Neurocognitive effects |
Learning and memory Executive function Motor function Reaction time Attention Forgetting/retrieval Anhedonia Sleep
| 10 | 462 | 1 | 4.9 (3–9) | Association
Inconsistent evidence
Learning, attention, forgetting/retrieval, executive function, motor and perceptual motor function, sleep No association
In those with psychosis
No changes to cognitive ability and intelligence, attention, executive abilities, working and learning memory, retrieval and cognition, learning abilities, visuospatial abilities
|
Prenatal exposure |
Harms to the mother Harms to the child
| 5 | 69 | None | 5.4 (2–9) | Mother
Child
Decreased birthweight Increased NICU use Effects in later life
|
Overall health effects and harms |
| 12 | 213 | None | 3.8 (2–8) | Association
Stroke, atrial fibrillation, bronchodilation, respiratory outcomes, lung bullae, COPD, emphysema, lung hyperinflation, infectious disease transmission, interactions with drugs, residual effects on vision Fatal motor vehicle collisions No association
|