Demographic | | | |
Sex | | | |
Female | 36 894 (53.9) | 36 903 (54.2) | 0.5 |
Male | 31 535 (46.1) | 31 210 (45.8) | 0.5 |
Age, yr | | | |
< 25 | 473 (0.7) | 388 (0.6) | 1.5 |
25–39 | 6376 (9.3) | 5925 (8.7) | 2.2 |
40–54 | 20 946 (30.6) | 19 848 (29.1) | 3.2 |
55–64 | 18 779 (27.4) | 19 249 (28.3) | 1.8 |
65–74 | 11 670 (17.0) | 12 391 (18.2) | 3.0 |
75–84 | 6921 (10.1) | 7015 (10.3) | 0.6 |
≥ 85 | 3264 (4.8) | 3297 (4.8) | 0.3 |
Low income | 13 222 (19.3) | 12 683 (18.6) | 1.8 |
Place of residence | | | |
Rural | 10 766 (15.7) | 10 726 (15.7) | 0.04 |
Urban | 57 663 (84.3) | 57 387 (84.2) | 0.04 |
Medical history in 365 d before follow-up | | | |
Psychiatric illness | 14 994 (21.9) | 14 152 (20.8) | 2.8 |
Chronic pain condition | | | |
Mechanical neck or back pain† | 9738 (14.2) | 9815 (14.4) | 0.5 |
Mechanical low back pain | 12 900 (18.8) | 13 477 (19.8) | 2.4 |
Osteoarthritis | 6778 (9.9) | 6723 (9.9) | 0.1 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 1619 (2.4) | 1566 (2.3) | 0.4 |
Diabetic neuropathy | 239 (0.3) | 262 (0.4) | 0.6 |
Peripheral neuropathy | 230 (0.3) | 262 (0.4) | 0.8 |
Lumbar radiculopathy | 182 (0.3) | 221 (0.3) | 1.1 |
Alcohol dependence or abuse | 1307 (1.9) | 1311 (1.9) | 0.1 |
Opioid use disorder | 821 (1.2) | 931 (1.4) | 1.5 |
Romano comorbidity score | | | 0.8 |
0 | 36 447 (53.3) | 36 000 (52.8) | |
1 | 17 146 (25.1) | 16 965 (24.9) | 0.3 |
2 | 7074 (10.3) | 7320 (10.7) | 1.3 |
≥ 3 | 7762 (11.3) | 7828 (11.5) | 0.5 |
Prescription history in 180 d before follow-up | | | |
Opioid substitution therapy | 943 (1.4) | 909 (1.3) | 0.4 |
Maximum daily opioid analgesic dosage dispensed, MME | | | |
Lower (≤ 50) | 41 679 (60.9) | 42 565 (62.5) | 3.3 |
Intermediate (> 50 to 90) | 12 987 (19.0) | 12 753 (18.7) | 0.7 |
High (> 90 to 200) | 8598 (12.6) | 8144 (12.0) | 1.9 |
Very high (> 200) | 5165 (7.5) | 4651 (6.8) | 2.8 |
Intensity of opioid analgesic use‡ | | | |
Lower (< 90 days’ supply) | 10 648 (15.6) | 10 471 (15.4) | 0.5 |
Higher (≥ 90 days’ supply) | 57 781 (84.4) | 57 642 (84.6) | 0.5 |
Sedative/hypnotic medication use | 30 291 (44.3) | 28 737 (42.2) | 4.2 |