Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1:
Demographic characteristics of respondents who avoid dietary gluten based on results from the Canadian Community Health Survey — Nutrition, 2015
Characteristic Dietary gluten avoidance, % ± SE Adjusted OR (95% CI) Sex Male, n = 9744 1.3 ± 0.2 Reference Female, n = 10 733 2.5 ± 0.3 2.08 (1.32 to 3.27) Age, yr 2–17, n = 5839 0.9 ± 0.2 0.38 (0.23 to 0.63) 18–49, n = 6543 2.3 ± 0.4 Reference ≥ 50, n = 7724 1.9 ± 0.2 0.80 (0.54 to 1.17) Province or region Atlantic provinces, n = 5308 2.9 ± 0.4 Reference Quebec, n = 3204 1.5 ± 0.3 0.52 (0.31 to 0.87) Ontario, n = 4228 1.5 ± 0.3 0.55 (0.32 to 0.94) Prairies, n = 5146 2.4 ± 0.3 0.84 (0.54 to 1.29) British Columbia, n = 2591 2.7 ± 0.7 0.99 (0.51 to 1.95) Household education Less than secondary school, n = 1780 1.6 ± 0.5 Reference Postsecondary school, n = 3754 1.5 ± 0.3 0.83 (0.35 to 1.93) Postsecondary degree or diploma, n = 14 903 2.0 ± 0.2 1.14 (0.50 to 2.62) Ethnicity White, n = 16 127 2.1 ± 0.2 Reference Racialized or Indigenous, n = 3369 1.4 ± 0.5 0.68 (0.33 to 1.43) Household income adequacy Lowest to lower middle, n = 1318 1.6 ± 0.5 Reference Middle to upper middle, n = 8496 1.5 ± 0.2 0.83 (0.35 to 1.96) Highest, n = 10 663 2.2 ± 0.3 1.21 (0.52 to 2.86) Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, SE = standard error.
- Table 2:
Total calories by type of food consumption location according to type of dietary avoidance(s)
Variable Total kilocalories consumed, % (95% CI) At home* Other locations† Not stated Respondents who avoid dietary gluten, n = 488 81.0 (74.0 to 75.9) 15.4 (11.6 to 19.3) 3.6 (−0.2 to 7.4) Respondents reporting ≥ 1 dietary avoidances,‡ n = 2653 75.3 (75.7 to 86.2)¶ 23.0 (20.5 to 25.4)¶ 1.7 (1.0 to 2.4) Respondents who report no dietary avoidances, n = 17 336 74.9 (74.0 to 75.9)** 23.0 (22.0 to 23.9)¶ 2.1 (1.7 to 2.5) Matched analysis§ Respondents who avoid dietary gluten, n = 466 80.6 (75.2 to 85.9) 16.4 (12.3 to 20.6) 3.0 (−0.9 to 6.9) Respondents reporting ≥ 1 dietary avoidances, n = 2304 74.9 (72.2 to 77.5) 23.4 (20.8 to 26.0)¶ 1.7 (1.0 to 2.4) Note: CI = confidence interval.
↵* Home refers to foods prepared at the participant’s home or at someone else’s home.
↵† All other locations refer to the following locations: fast food or pizza restaurants; take-out; restaurants with server; bar, tavern or lounge; vending machine; restaurants with no additional information; cafeteria not at school; cafeteria at school; child care centre; family or adult care centre; other; grocery; corner or other types of stores; or at work.
↵‡ With the exception of gluten.
↵§ Respondents avoiding gluten were matched to respondents with ≥ 1 dietary avoidances according to age groups, sex, income adequacy and household education as described in the Methods.
↵¶ p < 0.01 in comparison with respondents who avoid dietary gluten.
↵** p < 0.05 in comparison with respondents who avoid dietary gluten.
- Table 4:
Total calories for type of food preparation according to type of dietary avoidance(s)
Variable Total kilocalories consumed, % (95% CI) Home recipe or homemade Restaurants* Other† No preparation required Information not available Respondents who avoid dietary gluten 12.2 (9.6 to 14.7) 2.0 (1.1 to 2.9) 10.5 (7.7 to 13.3) 54.9 (50.5 to 59.3) 20.4 (15.9 to 25.0) Respondents reporting ≥ 1 dietary avoidances other than gluten 11.7 (10.6 to 12.9) 6.7 (5.4 to 7.9)§ 11.4 (10.5 to 12.3) 49.3 (47.8 to 50.9)¶ 20.9 (19.6 to 22.1) Respondents who report no dietary avoidances 12.6 (12.1 to 13.2) 6.4 (6.0 to 6.9)§ 12.1 (11.6 to 12.6) 47.5 (46.8 to 48.2)** 21.3 (20.7 to 21.9) Matched analysis‡ Respondents who avoid dietary gluten 12.2 (9.6 to 14.7) 2.6 (1.2 to 3.9) 9.7 (6.6 to 12.8) 53.5 (48.3 to 58.6) 22.9 (19.5 to 22.2) Respondents reporting ≥ 1 dietary avoidances other than gluten 11.8 (10.7 to 13.0) 6.4 (5.1 to 7.7)§ 11.7 (10.7 to 12.6) 49.2 (47.6 to 50.7) 20.9 (19.5 to 22.2) Note: CI = confidence interval.
↵* Includes fast food establishments.
↵† Includes dry mix, frozen or commercially packaged foods.
↵‡ Respondents avoiding gluten were matched to respondents avoiding ≥ 1 dietary avoidances according to age groups, sex, income adequacy and household education as described in the Methods.
↵§ p < 0.001 in comparison with respondents who avoid dietary gluten.
↵¶ p < 0.01 in comparison with respondents who avoid dietary gluten.
↵** p < 0.05 in comparison with respondents who avoid dietary gluten.